Basal ganglia neurophysiological markers of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

Substance misuse and addiction are major public health challenges in the USA that affect millions of people each year. According to the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 47.5% of the population (134.7 million individuals) reported past-month alcohol use, 15.4% (43.6 million) reported marijuana use, and 22.7% (64.4 million) reported tobacco or nicotine vaping. An estimated 24.9% (70 million) used illicit drugs in the past year, and 48.7 million people aged 12 or older, or 17.3% of the U.S. population, met the criteria for a substance use disorder (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), ). Findings from the 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey also underscore the impact of substance use on youth, with 22% of high school students reporting current alcohol use and 17% reporting marijuana use in the past 30 days (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ). In an effort to prevent substance misuse beyond traditional enforcement and interdiction activities, federal and state governments have strongly invested in the development of a national prevention infrastructure centered on local community coalitions. The primary components of this system are the prevention allocation of the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Block Grant (SUPTR-BG), the Drug-Free Communities (DFC) program, the Partnerships for Success (PFS) initiative, and Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA) (CADCA, ; SAMHSA, ; ; ). Collectively, these mechanisms, in conjunction with technical assistance providers such as the Strategic Prevention Technical Assistance Center and the Prevention Technology Transfer Centers, position community-based coalitions as the primary vehicle for implementing prevention strategies and programs across the country. While the coalition approach was historically designed to promote local ownership and allow for targeted interventions within the environmental contexts of the late 1900s, evidence suggests that coalition-based models face challenges regarding reach, implementation costs, impact, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness (Butterfoss & Kegler, ; Hallfors et al., ; Hutchison & Russell, ). Moreover, advances in prevention science, technology, and shifts in social norms have created new opportunities for delivering cost-effective, evidence-based prevention strategies at scale. These developments call into question the utility and return on investment of the current prevention infrastructure, which warrant further investigation.