Learning shapes neural geometry in the primate prefrontal cortex.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is regarded as one of the cradles of Chinese civilization and culture. The population of the region is predominantly Tibetan []. As one of the four major national medical systems in China, Tibetan medicine [] is a unique medical system developed by Tibetan people in response to the challenges of natural disasters and diseases []. It has evolved into an important pillar of ethnomedicine []. The history of Tibetan medicine can be traced back approximately 3800 years. It is the primary medical system in Tibet and the second largest traditional medical system in China []. Over time, it has spread to surrounding regions and the world []. Around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, three well-established traditional medical systems constitute the main knowledge centers: traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and Arabic medicine. As the most influential traditional medicine in China [], traditional Chinese medicine has made substantial contributions to the healthcare of Chinese people and even to the worldwide population []. India’s traditional medical system includes Ayurveda, Unani medicine, Siddha, Yoga, naturopathy, and homoeopathy []. Ayurveda has a history of 3000–5000 years and is still practiced in Southeast and South Asian countries. Its theoretical basis is derived from the “Atharvaveda” [, ]. In the 7th century, Arabic medicine rapidly integrated and developed medical theories by systematically translating Greek, Persian, and other classical medical books []. Its guiding philosophy was proposed by Empedocles []. The (དཔལ་ལྡན་རྒྱུད་བཞི༎) is a foundational book of Tibetan medicine that integrates the essence of practical experience and theoretical basis of Tibetan medicine. The book benefited from the practice and exploration of Tibetan doctors and incorporates knowledge from other traditional medicine systems, such as Indian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and Arabic medicine. It was compiled by Yutuo Nyingma Yundan Gonpo (宇妥宁玛·元丹贡布) at the end of the eighth century AD, and was finalized and handed down to the present day by the revisions and additions made by Yutuo Sama Yundan Gonpo in the 12th century AD []. The inclusion of the in the in 2018 and in 2023 marked the increasing internationalization of Tibetan medicine. This text is one of the most complete and influential representatives of Tibetan medicine []. It was compiled during the Tubo Dynasty (approximately in 7th-9th centuries AD). Historical documents and academic research have confirmed the extensive channels of exchange between Tibetan medicine and the three traditional medicines during this period. The development of traditional Chinese medicine cannot be separated from ethnic minority medicine. Conversely, ethnic minority medicine continuously incorporates and integrates theoretical knowledge from traditional Chinese medicine []. In 641 AD, the intermarriage between the Tang and Tubo Dynasties had strengthened the cultural exchange between the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups []. Tibetan historical documents record that traditional Chinese medicine was introduced to the Tibetan region during the Tang Dynasty []. Huang Hao pointed out that during the Tubo period, 27 medical books translated into Tibetan were disseminated in the Tibetan medical community, and 11 senior doctors participated in the dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine []. Songtsen Gampo hired three physicians from India, Handi (Tang Dynasty), and Dashi (Arab Empire), who collaborated to compile seven volumes of 《无畏的武器》[]. In the 8th century AD, a large number of ancient Indian Sanskrit medical texts were translated into Tibetan [] and the 《丹珠尔》 included the 《八支心要本集》[]. Da Shi (大食) also made considerable contributions to Tibetan medicine, particularly during its development and compilation of the []. 《回回药方》is a book based on Arabic medicine. It absorbs the essence of traditional Chinese medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur medicine, and other minority medical systems. The text represents a typical product of Chinese and foreign medical exchanges []. From the 6th century AD to the 10th century AD, a large number of classic medical texts emerged across the four traditional medicines. Tibetan medicine has many representative classical texts, including the earliest existing Tibetan medicine acupuncture monograph [], the earliest existing Tibetan medicine classic 《月王药诊》 [], and the main medical classic of Tibetan medicine, 《四部医典》 []. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, the Tang Dynasty is the peak period in the compilation of medical classics, during which numerous seminal works emerged. Among them, the 《新修本草》was compiled by the court and became the first national pharmacopoeia of China. Sun Simiao’s 《千金方》 is a collection of medical achievements before the Tang Dynasty, paying equal attention to theory and clinical practice. 《外台秘要》, compiled by Wang Tao, preserved a large number of medical documents produced before and during the early Tang