Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Muc(T) reduces high-caloric diet-induced weight gain and alters bile acid and inflammatory profiles in dogs.

Antipsychotic medications have transformed the management of severe mental disorders over the past seven decades. Their development began in 1954, when Elkes and Elkes published the first clinical study showing the effect of chlorpromazine on the behavior of psychotic patients []. Today, antipsychotics are widely used to manage conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar mania and depression, autism spectrum disorders, and Tourette’s syndrome []. The expanded regulatory approval for indications outside psychosis and the increase of off-label use are linked with a global increase in antipsychotic prescriptions []. Among the antipsychotics most frequently prescribed and most often linked to intoxication are chlorprothixene, clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine []. Clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine are atypical antipsychotics with similar chemical structures (). Chlorprothixene, although a typical antipsychotic, has a pharmacological profile that is very similar to clozapine and olanzapine []. Those four antipsychotics are broad-spectrum, multiple receptor antagonist, targeting serotonin, and dopamine receptors, while also interacting with histaminergic, muscarinic, and adrenergic receptors [, ]. Due to their antagonism with the muscarinic M1 receptor, the antipsychotics can cause anticholinergic toxicity symptoms, including agitated delirium []. The high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor associates the antipsychotics with high mortality of ischemic heart disease. Further, chlorprothixene, clozapine and quetiapine have a tendency for QT prolongation or torsades de pointes []. Hence, those antipsychotics are associated with high cardiovascular and metabolic risks, which can occur both at therapeutic doses and overdoses [, ]. For these reasons, and their association with unexplained and sudden deaths, antipsychotic drugs are highly relevant to investigate in forensic toxicology []. Chemical structures and selected properties of the four antipsychotics. Molecular weight and predicted pKa were calculated by ChemDraw (version 25.5.0), volume of distribution (Vd) was obtained from Baselt [] and experimental LogP was obtained from PubChem.