STARDaki: a consensus-based STARD extension for standardized reporting of diagnostic accuracy in acute kidney injury.

The marketing of unhealthy food has been recognised as a key driver of poor dietary quality and associated negative health outcomes globally. Regardless of the setting, unhealthy food products and brands are more frequently advertised than healthier products and brands, which contributes to skewed social norms surrounding the extent that these products should be included in the typical diet. While fast food and soft drinks are frequently advertised, UK Public Health guidance states that such foods and beverages (hereafter: foods) that are high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) should be eaten infrequently and in small amounts. Due to the public health challenges associated with food marketing, in 2010, the WHO recommended that restrictions to food marketing be enforced among member states. In 2023, additional guidance stated these restrictions should be mandatory and protect children of all ages. In the UK Government’s Obesity Strategy published in 2020, a ban on advertising of HFSS foods before 9pm on television was proposed, alongside a ban on paid-for HFSS food advertising online. These restrictions were planned for 2022, but implementation was delayed three times, to January 2026. It is becoming increasingly important to consider advertising impacts through other advertising formats as when restrictions are implemented on television and online, marketing will likely be displaced to less restricted settings. Outdoor spaces may be a key area of interest, as marketing companies suggest that outdoor advertising is more affordable for businesses compared to television, online or audio and still yields significant returns. This is supported by a report from the Food Foundation showing that in the time since television and online restrictions were first proposed, outdoor advertising spend by food companies has increased by 28 %.