Neuroimmune Links to White-matter Microstructure in Medication-naïve Children with Tic Disorder: A Mediation Analysis.

Cancer progresses through the accumulation of somatic genomic alterations. These alterations interact, shape tumor behavior, and influence treatment response and disease progression. Understanding how such events accumulate over time is therefore central to both cancer biology and clinical oncology. Cancer progression models describe this process by modeling the dependencies between the genomic events that drive tumor development. These dependencies reflect both positive and negative synergies between the events. Moreover cancer progression models reveal frequently occurring mutational patterns and, in some cases, predict events that are likely to occur soon (). Direct validation of predicted future mutations, e.g. by repeat tissue sampling, is currently not feasible as repeated invasive biopsies raise ethical and clinical concerns (). Instead, predictions can be assessed indirectly by testing whether patients who are currently mutation-negative but predicted to acquire a mutation soon show similar prognosis or treatment response as patients who already carry that mutation.