Non-pharmacological interventions for lactational mastitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Family and school environments drive adolescent self-harm, yet few studies examine their links to digital psychological intervention avoidance; existing work overlooks biopsychosocial lenses and leaves a research gap explaining this multi-factor avoidance behaviour. This research built a biopsychosocial model of digital avoidance for self-harming adolescents, uncovered unique multi-layered mechanisms differentiating them from typical teens, and verified avoidance as a complex multi-determined behaviour instead of a single psychosocial response. Its results guide holistic, trauma-aware digital mental health tool design, offer clinical and policy evidence centred on teen privacy and trust, and urge researchers and practitioners to incorporate biological, psychological, social and technical ecological factors into interventions.