Cross-linguistic benchmarking of NLP metrics for psychosis research.

Bispecific antibodies (BisAbs) have become a major therapeutic innovation for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM), especially in patients who are triple refractory (refractory to proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies). These agents are designed to bind the CD3 epitope on T cells with one arm and a plasma-cell–associated antigen, most commonly B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with the other, thereby approximating T cells and a MM target cells and allowing the formation of an immunologic synapse, resulting in T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity and elimination of plasma cells. Apart from BCMA, these agents can also target other antigens such as GPRC5D or FcRH5. Trials for BCMA-directed BisAbs, including teclistamab and elranatamab, have demonstrated high overall response rates and a substantial proportion of deep remissions in heavily pretreated patients with MM. Currently, patients treated with BisAbs therapy have usually received multiple prior lines of treatment. These cumulative insults, together with MM-related immunodeficiency, result in long-term suppression of both humoral and cellular immunity. BisAbs therapies further intensify this immune perturbation by inducing near-complete plasma-cell aplasia and marked, often persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Their use also results in long-term T-cell stimulation and thereby development of T-cell exhaustion, characterized by sustained expression of inhibitory checkpoint molecules and gradual loss of functions including cytokine secretion, proliferation, and killing capacity. As a result, patients receiving BisAbs are more susceptible to infections than those receiving earlier-generation conventional MM treatments.