Validation of a deep learning-based system for sleep staging, arousal detection, and respiratory event scoring in atrial fibrillation patients.
Authors: Sousa S, Teixeira C, Sigmarsdóttir T, Finnsson E, Ágústsson J, Sigþórsson S, Bjarkason S, Drummond M, Bugalho A
Journal: Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
mental health
psychology
open access
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the second most common reason for
orofacial pain after an odontogenic source. TMD is an umbrella term that refers
to a variety of painful and dysfunctional symptoms of the masticatory system [].
The most common taxonomy used to describe and classify the variety of TMD
subtypes is the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) [].
The most common type of DC/TMD diagnosis is myalgia of the masticatory muscles
[]. The aetiology of myalgia appears to be multifactorial and complex in nature
and is often a combination of genetic predisposition, muscle overuse, the
presence of psychosocial factors, and/or changes in central pain processing
mechanisms [, ]. Historic orthognathic paradigms used to explain the aetiology
of TMDs are now widely seen as misrepresentative, and viewing TMDs through the
lens of the biopsychosocial model has become the dominant means by which TMDs
should be conceptualised []. Masticatory muscle overloading, occurring during activities such as bruxism and
oral parafunctions, can be a risk factor for developing myalgia as well as a
prognostic factor for the transformation of acute myalgia into chronic myalgia
[]. Interestingly, patients with myalgia present with elevated masticatory
muscle electromyography (EMG) both at rest and during oromotor function []. The
co-presence of masticatory myalgia and elevated masticatory muscle EMG is widely
acknowledged; however, the causal relationship remains elusive. Masticatory
myalgia may precipitate elevated masticatory muscle EMG, but if elevated
masticatory muscle tone (and thereby EMG) leads to myalgia, then elucidating what
precipitates this change in muscle function would be critical in the search to
prevent the condition and/or treat it “at its source”. Another important risk factor and prognostic factor for (chronic) TMD is the
presence of negative affective states such as anxiety, depression, and
psychological stress []. These psychosocial factors have been consistently
demonstrated to be highly comorbid with masticatory muscle pain []. Acute and
chronic stress have even been shown to affect multiple biological processes down
to the gene expression level of pathways implicated in pain amplification [].
Similarly, chronic stress has a well-known deleterious effect on multiple
biological systems within our body (referred to as allostatic load) [].
orofacial pain after an odontogenic source. TMD is an umbrella term that refers
to a variety of painful and dysfunctional symptoms of the masticatory system [].
The most common taxonomy used to describe and classify the variety of TMD
subtypes is the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) [].
The most common type of DC/TMD diagnosis is myalgia of the masticatory muscles
[]. The aetiology of myalgia appears to be multifactorial and complex in nature
and is often a combination of genetic predisposition, muscle overuse, the
presence of psychosocial factors, and/or changes in central pain processing
mechanisms [, ]. Historic orthognathic paradigms used to explain the aetiology
of TMDs are now widely seen as misrepresentative, and viewing TMDs through the
lens of the biopsychosocial model has become the dominant means by which TMDs
should be conceptualised []. Masticatory muscle overloading, occurring during activities such as bruxism and
oral parafunctions, can be a risk factor for developing myalgia as well as a
prognostic factor for the transformation of acute myalgia into chronic myalgia
[]. Interestingly, patients with myalgia present with elevated masticatory
muscle electromyography (EMG) both at rest and during oromotor function []. The
co-presence of masticatory myalgia and elevated masticatory muscle EMG is widely
acknowledged; however, the causal relationship remains elusive. Masticatory
myalgia may precipitate elevated masticatory muscle EMG, but if elevated
masticatory muscle tone (and thereby EMG) leads to myalgia, then elucidating what
precipitates this change in muscle function would be critical in the search to
prevent the condition and/or treat it “at its source”. Another important risk factor and prognostic factor for (chronic) TMD is the
presence of negative affective states such as anxiety, depression, and
psychological stress []. These psychosocial factors have been consistently
demonstrated to be highly comorbid with masticatory muscle pain []. Acute and
chronic stress have even been shown to affect multiple biological processes down
to the gene expression level of pathways implicated in pain amplification [].
Similarly, chronic stress has a well-known deleterious effect on multiple
biological systems within our body (referred to as allostatic load) [].