Effects of blood flow restriction-augmented baduanjin training on quadriceps strength and postural stability in sedentary young men: a randomized controlled trial.

Infancy is a critical period of developmental plasticity with lasting metabolic and behavioural consequences []. Obesity is one of the outcomes influenced by this plasticity during infancy. The obesity epidemic is a public health crisis, nearly one in five US children aged 2–19 are living with obesity, and approximately one in three are living with overweight (body mass index [BMIs] ≥ 95th and 85th percentiles, respectively) [, ]. For many children, this problem begins early as 23% of 2–5 years olds are already overweight [] and 9%–14% are already obese [, ]. Primary prevention is likely the best solution, as a recent simulation study suggested that ‘a 2‐year‐old who is obese is more likely to be obese at 35 years of age than an overweight 19‐year‐old’ []. There is evidence that formula feeding is associated with a modestly increased risk of obesity [, , , , ] and rapid infant weight gain [], with further evidence that the volume of formula consumed, overfeeding, is an important contributor to excess weight gain [, ] as might be expected. Similar findings have been reported for bottle feeding breast milk and formula []. Adjusting or calibrating the recommended amount of formula across the first 6 months after birth shows promise as a strategy to reduce rapid infant weight gain and early life overweight []. Interestingly, recent data supporting such a strategy were reported describing that while larger infants consume higher daily volumes of formula than smaller infants (mL/day), they consume relatively less in proportion to their weight (mL/kg/day) []. We conducted the Califormula pilot randomised trial to determine if formula feeding recommendations that are calibrated using age and weight specific caloric intake recommendations can prevent excessive infant weight gain and reduce overweight in the first 6 months after birth amongst infants born to mothers with overweight prior to pregnancy electing to exclusively formula feed their infants. Calibrated formula feeding refers to adjusting the recommended daily caloric formula intake to account for weight status. We hypothesised that the calibrated formula intake intervention will reduce rapid infant gain and overweight during infancy resulting in lower weight‐for‐length (WFL) at age 6 months. In this pilot, we additionally sought to determine the feasibility of giving tailored formula recommendations to parents as well as the acceptability of this guidance as measured by parental adherence to formula volume recommendations.