Urban and Home-Based Vegetable Gardening Practices in Ethiopia: A Review on Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by marked affective instability, chronic impulsivity, and recurrent self-destructive behaviours [, ]. Although psychotherapeutic approaches such as Dialectical Behaviour Therapy are effective, access remains limited, and there is no clear first-line pharmacological option []. Moreover, many patients continue to experience severe emotional distress and recurrent dysregulation despite treatment, suggesting that important biological mechanisms underlying emotional vulnerability remain insufficiently understood [–]. According to Linehan’s biosocial theory, BPD is fundamentally a disorder of emotion regulation in which a biologically based emotional vulnerability interacts with invalidating environments [, ]. This vulnerability is commonly described as comprising three interrelated features: heightened emotional sensitivity, exaggerated emotional reactivity, and a delayed return to baseline [, ]. Although this tripartite description has had major clinical value, the physiological mechanism through which these features emerge, and whether they arise from a single underlying disturbance or from partially independent processes, remains incompletely specified [, ]. One plausible candidate mechanism is interoception, broadly defined as the sensing, representation, and interpretation of signals originating within the body [–]. Contemporary models of emotion increasingly emphasize that emotional experience depends not only on the magnitude of physiological change, but also on how bodily signals are detected, weighted, and integrated with context and expectations [, –]. From this perspective, affective instability may arise not only from heightened autonomic activation, but from altered access to, or interpretation of, bodily signals.