Culture Shapes the Neural Functional Alteration and Its Development in Children With Dyslexia: A Cross-Linguistic Meta-Analysis.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive healthcare issue that continues to affect millions of U.S. residents annually and disproportionately affects woman., The 2016/2017 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey demonstrated that 2 in 5 women (51.2 million) have experienced IPV in their lifetime. Almost six million women in the U.S, reported IPV in the form of contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking victimization within the 12 months prior to the survey. To address the challenges in IPV recognition and intervention within the healthcare setting, the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations began requiring policies and procedures for IPV screening in hospitals and clinics in 1992. However, the efficacy of universal IPV screening remains controversial due to the resources required to execute screening and a lack of evidence that recognizing abuse results in positive outcomes. Furthermore, instituting successful screening and intervention programs is especially challenging in busy clinical environments like the emergency department (ED) due to time and privacy restraints. To address these challenges, several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of various questionnaires for IPV screening. Two IPV screening tools previously validated in the ED setting are the single question “Have you been hit, kicked, punched or otherwise hurt by someone in the past year?” and the four-item Ongoing Violence Assessment Tool. The single question assessment is a “yes” or “no” answer, with a response of “yes” being considered a positive screen. This question was the most sensitive and specific of the three questions in the previously validated Partner Violence Screen, and the only one that directly addressed physical violence. In comparison, the Ongoing Violence Assessment Tool is a 4-item questionnaire with true or false answers. The questionnaire consists of statements that involve physical and emotional aspects of abuse. The items on the survey include the following: 1) “Within the last month my partner has threatened me with a weapon”; 2) “Within the last month my partner has beaten me so badly that I had to seek medical care”; 3) “Within the last month my partner has had no respect for my feelings”; and 4) “Within the last month my partner has acted like he/she would like to kill me.” If a participant answers true to any of these items, then that individual screens positive for IPV. Ernst et al found that the. sensitivity of the Ongoing Violence Assessment Tool in detecting ongoing IPV was 86%, and specificity was 83%.