Point-of-care Ultrasound for Detecting Methamphetamine-associated Heart Failure in the Emergency Department.

Depression is common among employees in the workplace and comes at a high cost. For individuals with depression, one major cost is a functional disability that reduces quality of life. Furthermore, employee depression impacts organisations through unemployment, job turnover, and productivity loss related to presenteeism or absenteeism among depressed employees. This can also be linked to healthcare costs and business outcomes that affect the national economy. Occupational stress, such as high demands or job insecurity, is a common predictor of depression at work. Previous studies on Korean employees have compared the predictability of specific occupational stressors, finding that inadequate social support and discomfort in the work climate are the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms. However, reducing occupational stress to prevent depression is challenging. If we find an indirect pathway from occupational stress to depression, we might obtain clues to mitigate the effects of occupational stress. Several studies have investigated the role of sleep quality in the association between occupational stress and depression. Some studies have reported poor sleep quality and insomnia mediate the relationship between perceived stress and depression. Although fewer studies have focused on the association between occupational stress and sleep quality, one study reported that occupational stress predicts depression via sleep quality. However, a longitudinal study revealed that components of sleep quality have differential effects on the association between occupational stress and psychosomatic health complaints, with only sleep fragmentation mediating this relationship, whereas other components of sleep quality, such as sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and perceived sleep quality, did not. There is also evidence that perceived sleep quality, which refers to an individual’s subjective satisfaction with the quality of their sleep, is a better predictor of sleepiness than sleep quantity, and is more closely related to sleep-dependent processes. Moreover, perceived sleep quality, unlike sleep quantity, is associated with self-reported general well-being. Given that sleep parameters, such as sleep duration and timing, which are expected to affect sleep quality, have individual variability in their optimal range and effects on sleep quality. Perceived sleep quality may hold particular importance. Additionally, even self-rated normal sleepers differ in their perceived sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigated the independent role of perceived sleep quality. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have focused on perceived sleep quality rather than sleep quality as measured using the total score of assessments, such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Meanwhile, the potential role of work engagement as a protective factor against depression in employees is increasingly recognised. Previous findings have shown that low work engagement predicts depressive symptoms and high work engagement prevents burnout, which has a positive association with depression. Work engagement refers to a positive and fulfilling mental state related to one’s work and consists of three components, vigour, dedication, and absorption, which correspond to the behavioural-energetic, emotional, and cognitive components of work engagement, respectively. Vigour refers to increased energy and resilience during a task; dedication involves enthusiastic involvement in one’s work; and absorption is characterised by full concentration and immersion in work while remaining distinct from work addiction, Several studies have shown a positive correlation between sleep quality and work engagement. Work engagement is negatively associated with sleep problems. Therefore, we expected that work engagement would moderate the relationships among occupational stress, perceived sleep quality, and depression. Additionally, studies have shown that the three components of work engagement act differently related to depression, and we investigated the role of each component in this study.