Enhancing traceability and trust in the sugarcane supply chain using a blockchain-based framework with smart contracts and tokenization.

Environmental and climate-related challenges in urban policies are concerns facing communities today []. Traffic and overcrowding, poor air quality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, excessive noise, urban sprawl, low-quality built environment, and wastewater and waste treatment are all issues that most cities face []. The growing resource use by urban residents contributes significantly to these consequences resulting from changes in urban lifestyles and is linked to poverty and other socio-economic factors []. People were concerned about pollution from atomic testing, millions of cars and companies’ emissions, the devastation of rivers and lakes, and the elimination of farmland/woodland due to suburban construction []. Recent research highlights that harmful products, such as pesticides and herbicides, are causing population declines in birds, insects, and other animals in our ecosystem []. The effects of industrialisation and rapid urbanisation on the planetary systems have become apparent []. According to [], the world’s urban population will reach 66 per cent by 2050, underscoring the prominence of cities. The expanding population due to urban development has heightened discussion of city sustainability, as cities are resource-intensive, accounting for 75% of carbon emissions and energy consumption []. Cities are responsible for some global GHG emissions. Cities experience the effects of climate change, with poor populations being the most vulnerable []. As a result, many cities are rethinking their development strategies by designing for a green and resilient future, protecting the environment, and devising context-specific solutions [,]. The introduction of green development has helped to preserve resources and the natural environment through green buildings and cities []. The green movement is sustainable []. Today, the green movement addresses environmental challenges such as global warming and climate change, fisheries depletion, nuclear proliferation, wetlands protection, species extinction and other issues []. However, urbanisation is happening at an alarming rate in Lagos, Nigeria. According to [], Lagos is one of three megacities in Africa, and its projected annual population growth rate is 2.5% or higher, adding approximately 730,000 people per year. Against this background, the investigators selected Lagos, Nigeria, as a case study because of the city’s rapid urbanisation as a megacity. The study aims to investigate the impact of implementing the GCDP framework on residents’ well-being in Lagos, Nigeria, and to promote residents’ quality of life (QoL). Using the following research objectives: identify the obstacles to GCDP implementation in Lagos, Nigeria, ascertain the GCDP implementation level in Lagos Megacity, Nigeria and assess the effect of GCDP implementation on residents’ well-being in Lagos Megacity, Nigeria. The theoretical significance of the GCDP implementation in Lagos lies in expanding the body of knowledge on sustainable and resilient urban development amid rapid urbanisation, particularly in African megacities. It further advances urban sustainability theory, urbanisation challenges, and the complex Interplay of Factors. It informs the development of new theoretical frameworks for analysing and addressing the challenges of urban development in similar contexts globally. The practical significance lies in providing actionable insights and recommendations for stakeholders to inform policy and planning, guide resource allocation, promote sustainable urban development practices, improve residents’ well-being, and create a more sustainable and resilient Lagos. The scope encompasses the implementation of GCDP, residents’ well-being, the Lagos Megacity Context, and an exploration of the successes, challenges, and potential areas for improvement in the implementation. The limitations stem from the complexities of urbanisation, the data collection challenges in such a dynamic environment as Lagos’ megacity, generalizability, time sensitivity, and potential for bias. The following section systematically and methodically investigates the existing literature to situate the subject matter at the forefront of research properly. The author conducted searches using several databases, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, using the stated keywords and grouping them. Other websites, perhaps the World Health Organisation library databases, were employed to search for data. The search process involved several steps: identifying significant terms related to the research question (based on PRISMA), listing keywords from existing articles relevant to our study, searching for synonyms and alternative terms, using Boolean operators (OR and AND) to connect significant terms and employing an asterisk (“*”) as a wildcard operator. The keywords employed were within the vocabulary commonly used for this topic, including “Green City Development Principles” AND “Green City Develop