Anatomy of Antisemitism in Health Professions Education and Practice: A Narrative Review.

Health-promoting lifestyles have been an international approach and have always been a major concern for health care providers and researchers []. Walker et al., in defining the concept of health-promoting lifestyle, stated that a health-promoting lifestyle is a multidimensional pattern of perceptions, feelings, and behaviors that begins with the individual’s own motivation and helps maintain and enhance the individual’s level of health and self-fulfillment. These behaviors include six dimensions: health responsibility, physical activity, nutritional habits, stress management, spiritual growth, and interpersonal relationships [,]. This issue has been emphasized in the goals of the World Health Organization’s “Health for All” program. Many of the health problems, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and addictions that are seen in most countries today, especially in developed countries, are related to changes in the lifestyle of the people of those societies [,]. In this regard, the World Health Organization has announced in the statement of the first Healthy Lifestyle Conference that 60% of global mortality and 80% of mortality in developing countries occur due to the lack of a healthy lifestyle, and by 2030, this probability will reach 75% of global mortality []. One of the important factors influencing a health-promoting lifestyle is gender []. According to statistics published by the United Nations, women’s health is considered one of the indicators of a country’s development []. In many societies, women are disadvantaged by discrimination rooted in sociocultural factors. Some of the sociocultural factors that prevent women from accessing quality health services and achieving the best possible level of health include unequal power relations between men and women, social norms that reduce employment and educational opportunities, an exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles, and potential or actual experience of physical, sexual, and emotional violence. While poverty is a barrier to health outcomes for both sexes, it places a greater burden on women’s health []. Marginalization has been introduced in both the Millennium Development Goals and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme as one of the world’s development challenges, which is influenced by parameters such as economic poverty, type of employment, cultural conflict, illiteracy, ethnic and cultural identity, and lack of control, the effects of which are manifested in the form of some of the acute consequences of urban issues []. A general review of past research shows that various studies on the concept of health-promoting lifestyle have been conducted in different cultural contexts and with different research approaches, including quantitative studies [,] and qualitative studies based on interviews [,]. However, no study was found in which a health-promoting lifestyle was extensively and deeply investigated using participant observation methods in a cultural context. An individual’s lifestyle is always influenced by their culture [], and in the meantime, cultural behaviors seem to have important consequences for human health, because culture is a social system of knowledge transmission, beliefs, with common practices that manifest differently in groups and societies []. Accordingly, conducting ethnographic studies, during which the researcher observes and deeply studies the phenomenon in question in its natural environment, seems appropriate in order to provide rich details about the culture under study and better understand the meanings of behaviors []. Critical ethnography is a research methodology that explores how power and domination influence the processes of production, reproduction, and reflection in social life []. It is a useful research method in health promotion because it examines the cultural meanings of health, the systemic influences on behaviors, and the relationships between health care providers and patients. It promotes health by empowering marginalized groups and addressing social inequalities. Critical ethnography promotes equity and social justice in health by challenging dominant systems and amplifying marginalized voices []. The Carspecken approach, a prominent method in critical ethnography, is used to illuminate how social disparities and structures are perpetuated through routine practices. Carspecken’s method considers critical ethnography as a form of social activism, aiming to uncover hidden systems of dominance and ideologies. This approach also guides data collection and analysis to promote social change and address systemic inequalities []. The researchers’ efforts in this study are to discover and explain the meanings, beliefs, internalized values, and behaviors influenced by the health-promoting lifestyle of women living on the outskirts of the city, and to criticize and analyze the historical, social, economic, and cultural structures associated with this culture to gain new insi