Self-Compassion Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Methamphetamine use disorder is a chronic relapsing condition affecting an estimated 7.4 million people worldwide []. There are no approved pharmacotherapies []. Amongst the available psychosocial treatment options, contingency management (CM) yields the largest treatment effects []. CM was developed in the United States [], where adoption has been slow and roll‐out is still in its early stages []. Dissemination in other parts of the world has been limited [, ]. The traditional model of CM for substance use (dubbed ‘voucher‐based’ CM [, ]) involves incentivising abstinence using an escalating reinforcement schedule that resets with substance use (e.g., an initial drug‐negative test is rewarded with a monetary voucher, the magnitude of which escalates with each consecutive drug‐negative test and returns to zero for a drug‐positive test). A ‘prize‐draw’ variation developed by Petry et al. [, ] uses the same principle but rewards clients with draws from a prize bowl to win a mix of vouchers and/or merchandise. A major shift in the delivery of CM in the past decade is the development of smartphone applications to deliver CM remotely (e.g., Dynamicare [], Q2i [], Affect [] CHESS [] and WEconnect []). While popularised in the US [, ], interest in the use of smartphones to deliver CM is attracting broader international attention [, ]. Smartphone CM applications have the potential to transform the dissemination of CM because they allow drug testing to be conveniently done from the privacy of the person's home rather than requiring attendance at a clinic. Drug test results are uploaded to the smartphone application, which can deliver rewards immediately. Most apps embed CM for substance use within a broader platform that provides adjunctive support services, such as online counselling and some have in‐built flexibility (e.g., setting of treatment goals). Trials of smartphone CM interventions for substance use, which have mostly focused on alcohol and tobacco, show that they are feasible and acceptable [, , , , , , ]. Systematic reviews of the evidence also suggest that smartphone CM is effective in reducing substance use over control conditions [, ]. The application of smartphone CM to stimulant use disorder is limited; however, it has been used successfully to improve clinic attendance and reduce drug use in patients receiving outpatient buprenorphine for opioid use disorder who have co‐occurring stimulant use disorder (cocaine or methamphetamine) []. Further development of smartphone CM for methamphetamine use disorder offers a potential means to dramatically increase access to evidence‐based care without compromising the fidelity or efficacy of CM [].