Taxpayers' perceptions and behavioral responses to GST 2.0 slab rationalization: evidence from MSMEs in the Indian automobile industry.

This review brings together multiple sources of evidence to advance our current understanding of the types of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions commonly implemented with survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) as well as which MHPSS interventions work to address psychological distress among individuals and communities who have experienced GBV within fragile contexts. Findings are of benefit to researchers and professionals involved in the planning, development, and implementation of interventions intended to improve the mental health and wellbeing of individuals affected by GBV. Specifically, this review presents current evidence for which mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions work to address the mental health outcomes of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety, all of which are prevalent in fragile settings. Interventions focused on cognitive-behavioural approaches, economic interventions, and alternative therapies emerged as particularly promising. These results enhance our understanding of pathways to effectively address mental health concerns. Findings also shed light on the social- and community-level factors that maintain GBV, namely alcohol use, limited financial autonomy, and social norms. Targeting these root causes of GBV at a more ecological level can have far-reaching societal impacts, including altered social and gender norms. This review indicated limited stakeholder involvement in intervention planning, highlighting the need for future interventions to involve the community in the planning stage in order to develop culture-specific and culture-sensitive interventions. Local community involvement in implementation of interventions was found to enhance their acceptability within communities. In terms of economic impact, our findings point to the importance of involving lay people in the implementation of interventions as a cost-effective means of delivering support. Further, fostering financial autonomy of women and involvement of communities in financial programmes can contribute towards economic development in communities affected by scarcity of resources and violence. Despite its pervasive occurrence across age groups and demographics, gender-based violence (GBV) remains a largely invisible human rights violation (UNICEF, ). A significant public health concern (Heidari and Moreno, ), the Inter-Agency Standing Committee () describes GBV as “any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e. gender) differences between males and females” (p. 5). Such violence may take the form of physical, economic, psychological and sexual abuse (Ugowe, ). According to the UN Women Global Database on Violence Against Women (), approximately one in three women globally have encountered physical and/or sexual violence at least once during their lives. The risk of experiencing GBV is particularly heightened in humanitarian and fragile contexts (Odwe et al., ; Lwamba et al., ), where gender can interact with other factors creating further inequalities and increased marginalisation among women and girls (Sweetman and Rowlands, ). For example, sexual violence, generally against women, is often used as a weapon of war, with significant implications for survivors (Heidari & Moreno, ). These include adverse mental (Rees et al., ), physical (Giammarioli et al., ) and sexual and reproductive (Mukanangana et al., ) consequences, as well as social consequences such as stigma and ostracization (Koos and Lindsey, ).