Prevalence of thyroid disorders in inland and coastal populations: A systematic review.

Bovine mastitis is still a big health and economic problem for dairy farmers all over the world. It has a big impact on milk production, composition, and the overall profitability of the farm. Mastitis is associated with increased somatic cell counts, reduced milk quality, higher treatment costs, increased culling rates, and greater labor requirements in dairy herds (). Recent comprehensive reviews underscore mastitis as a persistent constraint on global dairy industry sustainability and advocate for integrated prevention and control strategies that span diagnostics, hygiene, and herd health management (, ). The economic burden of mastitis is well documented, affecting both developed and emerging dairy sectors. Control strategies with proven impacts include routine screening, milking hygiene, vaccination, and improved farm-level management practices that collectively reduce pathogen pressure and infection incidence (). Reviews emphasize the importance of on-farm diagnostics such as the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and on-farm culture systems in early detection and management of subclinical mastitis (, ). Routine diagnostic screening plays a critical role in timely identification of udder infections before clinical signs emerge. The CMT remains widely used as a rapid cow-side tool, enabling early intervention that can mitigate disease progression and reduce reliance on therapeutic antibiotics, an approach increasingly emphasized in global mastitis control frameworks due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance ().