A brief checklist of modifiable dementia risk factors (RF12): associations with cognitive and affective measures in an Italian cohort.

Gender affirming surgery (GAS) encompasses a range of surgical procedures that may form part of the transition process for transgender and nonbinary individuals to better reflect their gender identity. Within plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), this includes procedures such as mastectomy, breast augmentation, vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, metoidioplasty and facial gender affirmation surgery. Access to GAS remains limited in many regions in Canada, as only a small number of surgeons currently perform these operations, and many centers face year-long wait times. These prolonged delays have been associated with worsened mental health outcomes and are implicated as contributing factors in the elevated rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts reported among transgender Ontarians. A significant contributor to the limited access to gender affirming care may be the deficiency of transgender-related curricula within both undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. Previous research has shown substantial gaps in trainee exposure to transgender health across multiple specialties. For example, over 30% of urology and plastic surgery programs in the United States report no clinical exposure to transgender patients. A previous Canadian survey showed only 50% of endocrinology, 35% of psychiatry, 10% of family medicine, and 0% of urology residents feel confident providing gender affirming care. These findings highlight a broader educational deficiency that may perpetuate disparities in access to care. The demand for GAS continues to rise, underscoring the need to train future plastic surgeons who are both competent and comfortable providing gender affirming procedures. To date, no studies have evaluated the transgender-related content or GAS exposure within Canadian plastic surgery residency programs. The objective of this study was to assess the current state of gender affirming surgical education among Canadian plastic surgery residents by examining: (1) the presence of GAS within academic curricula (including journal clubs, lectures, grand rounds, patient talks, and examination); (2) the presence of GAS exposure within clinical care (in both clinic and operative settings); and (3) residents’ perceived readiness and competence to perform GAS procedures.