Self-regulated learning constructs as predictors of academic performance among Saudi EFL students in virtual learning environments: Insights from self-regulated learning theory.

The consumption of drugs globally is often connected with self-medication of both, prescription and over-the counter drugs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), self-medication refers to the use of medicinal products by individuals to treat conditions they diagnosed by themselves, as well as the sporadic or regular use of drugs prescribed earlier by a physician for chronic or recurring diseases or symptoms (). Responsible self-medication is considered a component of self-care, which the WHO broadly defines as actions taken by individuals or communities to promote and maintain health without the direct involvement of healthcare professionals (HCPs) (). When practiced responsibly, meaning the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines as directed in the patient information leaflet—self-medication can offer benefits such as taking care of minor ailments by patients themselves and reducing the pressure on healthcare systems (; ). However, irresponsible self-medication involves behaviors such as using prescription drugs without medical advice, self-diagnosing and independently selecting treatment, or reusing previously prescribed therapies without consulting a physician. It also includes taking medicines based on the advice of non-healthcare individuals (e.g., family or friends) or recommending or giving medications to others without medical guidance ().