Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants and antipsychotics: a structured narrative review of mechanisms, assessment, and personalized management.

The world’s population is experiencing an unprecedented aging trend, progressing at a faster pace than in previous decades. The proportion of people aged 60 years and older is expected to almost double, rising from 12% in 2015 to 22% by 2050. By that time, nearly 80% of older adults will be living in low- and middle-income countries. In parallel, the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases sharply with age, affecting approximately 75% of individuals aged 60–79 years and up to 86% of those aged 80 years and above. In Latin America, growing evidence emphasises the impact of social determinants of health on CVD risk, indicating that populations exposed to adverse social and economic environments face greater cardiovascular risk (CVR). In this context, older adults frequently experience multiple geriatric syndromes, most notably frailty, depression, and cognitive impairment, that often coexist and interact to exacerbate poor health outcomes. In Colombia, these conditions are highly prevalent: depression affects between 36% and 56% of older adults; and, frailty is estimated at 15.3%. Similarly, each of these syndromes has independently been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the cumulative impact of their overlap, particularly the coexistence of frailty and depression, remains insufficiently explored, especially in middle-income countries in Latin America, where social vulnerability and limited healthcare access may further amplify CVR.