"Look at me, not your screen": the negative association of parental phubbing on adolescent well-being.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory condition characterized by structural abnormalities in the airways and/or alveoli, resulting in permanent airflow obstruction that can lead to hypoxia and poor ventilation. COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide, placing considerable social and financial burdens on healthcare systems., Recent research has increasingly focused on the early detection and management of COPD, which may have the biggest impact on reducing the clinical and socioeconomic burden driven by this disease. Studies have shown that early diagnosis through case-finding strategies reduces healthcare utilization for respiratory illnesses and improves symptom control., Additionally, several studies have emphasized the importance of early indicators, such as preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and pre-COPD, in predicting future airflow obstruction. Patients with pre-COPD have been found to experience a more rapid annual decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV) relative to individuals with COPD, PRISm, or normal lung function. Current guidelines require forced spirometry to confirm COPD, with a post-bronchodilator FEV to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of < 0.7. This criterion indicates irreversible airflow obstruction. However, in clinical practice, some patients initially diagnosed with COPD based on a post-bronchodilator FEV/FVC ratio of < 0.7 exhibit normalization during follow-up. Our previous research identified such patients within a COPD cohort and found that their annual rate of decline in FEV was slower and their health-related quality of life better than those with persistent obstruction, although exacerbation rates were similar. However, that study was limited by a short follow-up period and small sample size, with the significance of the clinical characteristics of patients with normalized airflow obstruction (NO) in the general population remains unknown.