Evaluating the impact of operating room simulations on communication skills and patient safety (EIORS-CPS).

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In school-age children, the prevalence of ADHD is estimated at 5.3% based on population-representative epidemiological samples (). ADHD symptoms typically manifest more prominently in school-aged children, are more common in boys, and tend to persist into adulthood (). Children with ADHD frequently co-occur with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorders (). As research advances, it has become increasingly evident that ADHD co-occurring with tic disorders, language development disorders, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are also not uncommon. These comorbid conditions often exacerbate social, emotional, and psychological impairments in affected children, thereby increasing the disease burden (). Although numerous studies have explored comorbidities associated with ADHD, reliable epidemiological data and distribution patterns for various comorbid conditions remain scarce. Previous research has predominantly focused on exploring the associations between ADHD and specific comorbidities, with relatively limited descriptions involving multiple concurrent comorbidities (, ). This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics and comorbidity patterns of ADHD in children at our center. The findings of this study are expected to enhance clinicians' understanding of ADHD comorbidities, facilitate early detection of these comorbid conditions, and promote the development of targeted early intervention strategies, ultimately improving the clinical management and long-term outcomes of children with ADHD.