Effect of SMS Reminders on Medication Adherence in Schizophrenia: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Nigeria.

Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) is a congenital neurovascular disorder characterized by capillary‐venous malformations of the leptomeninges and brain, face (port‐wine birthmark), and eye (choroidal hemangioma commonly resulting in glaucoma). The characteristic port‐wine birthmark and features of SWS brain involvement are depicted in Figures  and , respectively. The disease is rare and is estimated to occur in 1 of every 20 000–50 000 births []. A facial port‐wine birthmark (PWB) in a high‐risk area (forehead, eyelids, and temple) is typically the first indicator of SWS, and approximately 20% of these individuals receive diagnoses of SWS brain involvement [, , , ]. Diagnosis of SWS brain involvement is made when the leptomeningeal vascular malformation is visualized on contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other brain abnormalities associated with SWS include abnormal, tortuous leptomeningeal vessels, impaired blood flow, venous hypertension, and often atrophy and calcification of involved brain regions. The clinical presentation of SWS includes often‐overlapping symptoms of seizures, headaches, and stroke‐like episodes. Neurological signs may include hemiparesis, visual field cuts and other vision deficits, developmental delay, and cognitive impairment; these can develop over time and are strongly associated with seizures and stroke‐like episodes. Facial port‐wine birthmark. Photograph of a port‐wine birthmark in a high‐risk area, typically the first indicator of Sturge‐Weber syndrome. Neuroimaging depicting features commonly seen in SWS brain involvement. Axial neuroimaging depicting typical features of SWS. Panel A (contrast‐enhanced T1) depicts leptomeningeal enhancement predominantly in the left occipital and parietal regions (bottom arrow, panel A); enhancement of the choroid plexus within the left ventricle is also visible (top arrow, panel A). Left‐sided deep draining medullary veins are readily visualized with SWI (Panel B). Calcifications in the left frontal and temporal lobes may be seen in panel C (head CTA). Abbreviations: CTA, computed tomography angiography; SWI, susceptibility‐weighted imaging; SWS, Sturge‐Weber syndrome.