U-Behavior: a method to promote spaced and interleaved retrieval practice in challenging undergraduate microbiology and biomedical sciences courses.

As pediatric patients approach young adulthood, careful consideration must be given to their transition to the adult care system. The of care is a distinct, one‐time event in which responsibility shifts from pediatric to adult providers, whether an individual clinician or a specialized team []. However, is a more complex and multifaceted process; it is the purposeful, planned process that addresses the medical, psychosocial, educational, and vocational needs of adolescents and young adults as they grow and learn to live with their lifelong health condition [, ]. Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which individuals establish a clearer sense of identity and become more independent; an important step in this process is learning to manage their own health. It is essential that healthcare providers ensure a comprehensive and coordinated transition, as negative transition experiences have been shown to contribute to patient, caregiver, and/or family burden and distress [, ]. Poorly managed transitions place adolescents at risk for worsened health outcomes in adulthood, including the progression of comorbidities such as anxiety and depression, and worse psychosocial outcomes []. Although transition is recognized as an important aspect in the care of all adolescent patients with neurological conditions, clinicians may be unaware of the best practices for transition in neurology care contexts, and these practices may not be universally implemented. This topical review combines literature from general pediatrics, adolescent medicine, general child neurology, and child neurology subspecialities to provide holistic recommendations for the transition of pediatric patients to adulthood. Several pediatric conditions have developed an extensive body of literature on transition research, including diabetes mellitus [, , , , , ], cystic fibrosis [, ], congenital heart disease [, ], and organ transplantation, among others [, , ]. These studies can inform us of “best practices” that can be applied to childhood neurological conditions during the transition process.