Structural and Functional Imaging of Motor Outcomes in Twins With Perinatal Stroke: A Case Report.

Globally, multiple factors, such as socioeconomic and geopolitical stressors, underpin caregivers’ well-being, mental health, and resilience []. These stressors may prevent caregivers from providing adequate care to their children, which increases the risk of their children exhibiting cognitive, behavioral, and emotional adjustment difficulties/issues []. It is imperative to support caregivers in building their resilience and mental health to provide a safe and nurturing environment where their children can grow into healthy, functioning, and well-adjusted adults. Understanding and supporting caregivers' mental health and resilience in conflict settings is critical to promoting responsive caregiving and ensuring an effective humanitarian health response for conflict-affected  caregivers and children (e.g., []). Colombia offers a unique context to examine the impacts of stress and conflict on caregiver psychopathology and resilience and their relation to early childhood development (ECD). For over 50 years, Colombia has been affected by civil conflict, which has had lingering effects on caregivers and children. Many young children are or have been exposed to multiple developmental risks, such as poverty, civil conflict, and domestic violence []. A cross-sectional study of 7–11-year-old children in an region of Colombia affected by armed conflict demonstrated that 6.5% of displaced children met the criteria for an anxiety disorder compared to 1.8% of non-displaced children. Among displaced children, 13.2% scored high for post-traumatic stress compared to 6.6% of non-displaced children []. These data  align with elevated mental health concerns reported among general adults in the 2015 Colombian National Mental Health Survey (NMHS; []). A recent study found PTSD prevalence rates of 12.3% and 11% for any mental health disorder (including depressive disorders, dysthymia, mania, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and suicidal ideation)   in a sub-sample of displaced adolescents [].  Additionally,  using the 2015 NMHS data, Tamayo Martínez et al. [] found a 15.9% lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder in displaced adults. Thus, promoting caregiver mental health is a vital priority, and there is a need for empirical evidence on the prevalence of and factors contributing to the mental health and well-being of Colombian caregivers, particularly for conflict-affected and internally displaced people []. In addition to research on caregiver mental health and child adjustment in Colombian families, emerging research suggests a link between the two. For instance, a study by Cuartas [] investigated the effects of community violent crime on maternal parenting behavior. Exposure to violent crimes predicted a higher probability of maternal corporal disciplinary measures such as hitting children with objects []. Recent work by Cuartas and Leventhal [] utilized NMHS data to demonstrate that community violent crime was associated with mental health conditions in children aged 7–11. Furthermore, caregiver mental health was found to moderate the association between exposure to an incident of community violent crime and children's mental health. Flink et al. [] investigated the association between forced internal displacement in Colombia and the mental health of children between 1.5 and 5 years old. The authors found that displaced children met borderline cut-off scores more often than non-displaced children, even after adjustment for socio-demographic factors. Moreover, the authors found that family functioning and caregiver mental health were strongly and independently associated with the mental health of internally displaced children. These findings highlight the importance of caregiver mental health as a potential risk factor.