Effects of ambient temperature on hospital admissions and mortality among older adults with and without dementia in South Korea.

Young adults (i.e., ages 18–26) report the highest prevalence rates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder in the United States compared to any other age cohort (16.3% and 4.0%, respectively; ; ). Among young adults, regular cannabis use is associated with a heightened risk of experiencing negative cannabis-related consequences (; ; ) across physical (dependence; ; ; ; ; ; ), psychological (increased anxiety and depression; ; ; ), and cognitive domains (; ) that affect academic, financial, and legal responsibilities (). Research is needed to identify factors that may mitigate deleterious cannabis outcomes. The incentive motivation model (), originally developed for alcohol use motives and later applied to cannabis use, posits that individuals decide to use cannabis based on whether their expected changes in affective states (e.g., increasing positive feelings and decreasing negative feelings) outweigh the potential risks (; ; ). This model includes five distinct motives for cannabis use: coping (to decrease negative emotional states), conformity (to avoid social rejection), enhancement (to enhance positive emotional states), expansion (to expand awareness), and social (to make social gatherings more fun; ). These motives can be organized into two dimensions: avoidance and approach. Avoidance motives (i.e., coping, conformity) refer to using cannabis to avoid negative outcomes. Approach motives (i.e., enhancement, expansion, and social motives) refer to using cannabis to pursue positive outcomes (). Motives are important to consider as they are malleable (; ; ) and may therefore serve as promising targets for interventions. There are mixed findings regarding associations between individual cannabis motives and cannabis outcomes. Coping is the most frequently endorsed motive for cannabis use (; ), and tends to be a robust predictor of cannabis use and associated with more severe consequences (; ; ), regardless of frequency (; ) and other motives (). Regarding conformity motives, several studies have found no relation to cannabis use frequency (; ) and consequences (; ), while others have found that conformity motives were negatively related to cannabis use frequency () and positively related with negative consequences (; ; ). Of the approach motives, the most frequently endorsed is enhancement (; ), with some mixed findings on whether they are positively or negatively associated with consequences (; ; ). Expansion motives have been positively associated with cannabis use frequency and negative consequences (; ), though one study found reductions in expansion motives were no longer prospectively associated with negative consequences after controlling for frequency of cannabis use (). Lastly, regarding social motives, one study found social motives to be strongly and positively associated with cannabis use frequency (), while another reported no association (). Further, some studies found social motives to be associated with more negative cannabis-related consequences (; ) while another found no association between baseline social motives and later negative consequences in adults with cannabis dependence (). These inconsistent results suggest further research is needed to clarify the relationship between each of the cannabis motives with cannabis use frequency and cannabis-related consequences.