Effects of suvorexant on diurnal cortisol and patient-reported stress during opioid withdrawal in a randomized trial.

Addressing the climate crisis requires urgent action from governments responsible for developing and implementing related policies (Gollata et al. ). Climate issues permeate all aspects of life and concern questions of our existence, making public participation essential for meeting climate targets (Albrecht et al. ). Citizens have a fundamental right to be involved in the governance of these matters (Sprain ). Citizen involvement in climate policy planning, development and implementation can generate legitimacy and acceptability for climate policies (Raman and Pearce ; Perlaviciute ) and improve their quality and effectiveness (Arango et al. ). For citizens, participation can foster learning and commitment to behavioural change (Ryan et al. ). Furthermore, public participation is seen as a way to mitigate the influence of political and economic elites (Galván Labrador and Zografos ). The benefits of public participation are endorsed by democratic governments. For example, the European Green Deal () recognises the importance of active citizen involvement in designing and implementing successful climate policies. Overall, effective public participation is a prerequisite for addressing the climate crisis. However, public engagement is not simple and can even be counterproductive (Carrick et al. ). Findings on the ability of participation to deepen democracy and bring about significant policy changes are conflicting (Bherer ). Participation is often unilateral with minimal citizen influence (Galende-Sánchez and Sorman ; Kinnunen ). Citizens’ capacities and wishes regarding participation vary (Murunga et al. ) and people do not necessarily want to participate or seek more power (Perlaviciute ). Climate issues are often framed as technical and requiring specialised knowledge, making public participation even more difficult. Strong expert involvement and reliance on scientific knowledge can narrow policy options and limit public deliberations (Raman and Pearce ; van Beek et al. ). There is a need to develop better approaches and methods for public participation to reach its promises in the climate context. Rather than improving individual participatory methods, a systemic approach is needed to consider diverse contexts and actors (Braun and Könninger ; Chilvers and Kearnes ; Murunga et al. ). Recent developments in applying constructivist and relational perspectives from the Science and Technology Studies (STS) to public participation present promising avenues for understanding the diversity and complementary nature of public participation attempts (Chilvers and Longhurst ; Braun and Könninger ). Despite its promise, a participatory collective approach has not been applied in the policy planning context. Given its descriptive nature, adopting a more evaluative approach with normative criteria can help to address the functioning of the engagement efforts in generating acceptability. Hence, we make a novel contribution by combining the participatory collective approach with the 4Ds of participation approach proposed by Perlaviciute (), to distil the core themes needed for well-functioning public engagement.