Maternal glucocorticoids have persistent effects on offspring social phenotype irrespective of opportunity for social buffering.

What are the incidence and risk factors for chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) 3 months after distal lower extremity fracture surgery, and can a validated prediction model improve early identification of high-risk patients? : Among 818 patients, 38.4% developed CPSP, with 6 independent predictors identified: postoperative analgesia technique, fixation type, preoperative clinical management, pain catastrophizing score (PCS), and pain intensity (numerical rating scale [NRS]) at admission and postoperative day 1; the web-based nomogram prediction model constructed based on these factors demonstrated strong discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.872 in development, 0.838 in validation) and clinical utility. : This study highlights the multifactorial nature of CPSP and provides a clinically accessible tool enabling early identification of high-risk patients for tailored perioperative pain management, potentially mitigating chronic pain development and improving rehabilitation outcomes.