Naltrexone blocks the sleep-disrupting effects of methamphetamine in male rhesus monkeys.

According to the World Health Organization, the frequency of limb amputations is increasing globally. Trauma, vascular diseases, and diabetes are the most common causes of major limb amputations. In the United States, among 1.6 million individuals with amputation, 86% have undergone lower-limb amputations, with transtibial amputations accounting for 28% of this population. After a lower-limb amputation, amputees should initiate a rehabilitation program to achieve the highest possible level of independence. The use of a prosthetic leg can help minimize the adverse effects of disabilities, restore functional activity, and enhance autonomy. A key factor in the success or failure of prosthesis use is the quality of the socket fit, which significantly influences load transmission, prosthesis stability, and control. Therefore, to attain a functional and comfortable prosthesis, great attention must be paid to socket design. The patellar tendon-bearing (PTB) socket was the first proposed load-bearing socket designed to deliberately load the limb in its pressure-tolerant areas. However, applying localized pressures may lead to callus formation, skin abrasions, and breakdown. In contrast, the total surface bearing (TSB) socket is designed to reduce localized pressure. This design evolved with the advent of gel liner interfaces, which maximize the load-bearing surface area of the limb by applying uniform pressure. Amputees using the TSB socket may experience greater comfort during activities, enhance speed and balance, and improved walking symmetry compared with those using the PTB socket. Although the TSB socket reduces localized pressures, gel liners are limited in their effectiveness at alleviating localized loads on certain areas of residual limb, such as the anterodistal region of the tibia and the fibular head. It appears that the PTB design is more successful in providing rotational control compared with the TSB design.