Oral-health-related quality of life among undergraduate dental students with Tooth Wear.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7–20% of pregnant women worldwide. Although most women with GDM return to normal glucose levels after delivery, they face a substantially elevated long-term health risk, with 20–50% developing type 2 diabetes within five years postpartum. Women with previous GDM also have increased risks of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that lifestyle interventions can prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance during midlife. However, only a limited number of RCTs have evaluated the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention in preventing or delaying the development of type 2 diabetes among young women with a history of GDM within five years postpartum. Most of these studies have failed to demonstrate successful outcomes, potentially due to small sample sizes, low-intensity lifestyle interventions, or short follow-up periods. The Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Program aimed to determine whether a long-term, individually tailored diet and physical activity program could prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in young women with a recent history of GDM. Interim results were described in previous publications by our team. This is the overall analysis of this Tianjin RCT. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of institutional and/or national research committees and following the principles of the 1964 and later amendments. The study protocol was approved by the Human Subjects Committee of Tianjin Women and Children’s Health Center (The approval numbers are 2009-01, 2013-03-01 and 2017-03-01) and all participants provided written informed consent. The trial is registered with ().