Heterogeneity and Change in Adolescents' Configurations of Disclosure and Concealment Strategies.

The mathematical modeling is an effective methodological tool, which gives the theoretical ecologists the ability to deconstruct and capture the dynamic behavior of complex ecological assemblages. The study of predator–prey interactions has continued to hold central place in the discipline, as inter specific interactions are widespread in nature and essential for maintain ecological balance. Predator–prey relationships have been studied using classical population theory as well as more complex models that incorporate behavioral, spatial and fractional dynamics. The notable study by Holling was the first attempt to establish the types of functional responses by explaining the dynamics of prey density dependence of the rate of predator consumption. This main idea is basis of the further variation of the Lotka-Volterra model. Based on these classical theories, Ma et al. took prey refuge and predator mutual interference into account, which shows the predator mutual interference can make the system more stable and can avoid unreasonable growth. Likewise, a parallel extension of this framework by Kumar et al. which incorporates the effects of fear and gestation delay and shows that delayed reproduction and prey refuge can lead to Hopf bifurcation and longer period oscillations in population densities. With the integration of behavioral ecology into mathematical modeling, scientists have started investigating the role of predation fear in prey dynamics. Wang et al. used this idea and developed a fear-based predator–prey model that showed the stress derived through fear may inhibit prey reproduction, influence the efficiency of predators, and change the equilibrium positions. Building on it, a high degree of fear can indirectly control the disease’s transmission across population of prey. Moreover fractional derivative is also used in study of disease’s transmission such as to model and analyze monkey pox, in study of integral derivative control on cancer dynamics, in simulation of COVID-19 model with booster dose. According to Barman et al. investigation of trade-off between fear and rate of infection. These pieces of work compelled the world to accept that fear is not a psychological force but an ecological one, which is very powerful tool of influencing the stability of a system. Subsequently, Mandal et al. studied the aspects of forming spatiotemporal patterns in a snowball demonstration of fear and anti-predator strategies in a reaction-diffusion model and found transitions between turing, stripe, and spot patterns depending on the level of fear. In another attempt to enhance realism in ecological experiments, Gong used SIR model with medical observation to analyze with fractional derivative with Hattaf-Yousfi functional responses. The scientists incorporated social and cooperation behaviors. Berec observed the mechanism of foraging among predators. The results indicate that the effective rate of predation is changed by the cooperation of hunters and predation oscillates with the intensity of cooperation by stabilization or destabilization. Capone et al. recognize the turing patterns, the result of spatial interactions among predators. Equally, Meeroupaghi et al. and Sounah et al. investigated the compressible wave of spatiotemporal behavior due to herd movement, cross-diffusion, and fear on the example that oscillating behavior patterns and patchy population distributions produced by behavioral grouping.