Efficiency and accuracy of augmented reality guided endodontic surgery: a systematic review.

In the last century, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was a heterogeneous neurological condition or disease that reflected frank and obvious chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) in ultrahigh exposure boxers. In this century, CTE has been conceptualized as microscopic neuropathology (chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change [CTE-NC]) identified after death using hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) immunohistochemistry. For the past 15 years, there has been interest and uncertainty regarding whether p-tau in astrocytes should be considered age-related, CTE-NC-related, or both. The first consensus definition of CTE-NC included astrocytic p-tau as a required element: “The pathognomonic lesions consists of p-tau aggregates in (italics added) around small vessels in an irregular pattern at the depths of the cortical sulci.” In the second consensus definition, astrocytic tau was permitted as part of the definition but was not required: “p-tau aggregates in neurons, (italics added), at the depth of a cortical sulcus around a small blood vessel, deep in the parenchyma and not restricted to the subpial and superficial region of the sulcus.” Quotes reflecting this discussion and uncertainty are reprinted in . Quotations from the literature reflecting interest and uncertainty regarding astrocytic tau as part of chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathology, aging, or both. “The neurofibrillary degeneration of CTE is distinguished from other tauopathies by preferential involvement of the superficial cortical layers, irregular patchy distribution in the frontal and temporal cortices, propensity for sulcal depths, (bolding added, from the abstract).