Effect of route familiarity on attentional resource allocation during real-world road driving.

Currently, about 50 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, with an estimated 60–70% of cases related to AD, the most common cause. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cerebral atrophy, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to cognitive decline. The intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a non-diabetogenic dose is a well-established model that induces memory impairment, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation (characterized by increased interleukin-1 and -8), closely resembling sporadic AD. A key pathological process in AD is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins like Aβ, which disrupts proteostasis. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling network aimed at restoring homeostasis. However, chronic UPR activation can switch from an adaptive to a pro-apoptotic response, contributing to neuronal death. Therefore, molecules that modulate ER stress represent promising therapeutic targets. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. It has been shown to inhibit Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. However, its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability, low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and rapid metabolism. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems offer a strategy to overcome these limitations.