An update on the role of multimodal analgesia in perioperative pain management.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic and eczematous lesions [, ]. The burden of AD extends beyond physical symptoms, as patients living with this condition often experience a profound impact on their mental health due to the psychological and social challenges it presents [–]. Traditional treatments for AD, such as topical corticosteroids and systemic immunosuppressants, have been the cornerstone of therapy for many years [–]. However, these treatments are associated with toxicities ranging from skin thinning and steroid rebound effects to systemic immunosuppression that limit their long-term use and overall efficacy. Cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 released by Th2 cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD [–]. IL-4 inhibition via blockade of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), a receptor shared by IL-4 and IL-13, represents a well-established target for AD. Monoclonal antibodies that target IL-4Rα have the potential to block the biological effects of both IL-4 and IL-13 simultaneously, providing a more comprehensive and effective treatment approach compared with agents that selectively target either cytokine pathway [, ]. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-4Rα, has emerged as a frontrunner and has received approval from the U.S. FDA for the treatment of AD [–], as well as other type 2 inflammatory diseases [–], underscoring the potential of the therapeutic strategy of anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibodies in type 2 inflammatory diseases.