Lived experiences of women prescribed low-dose aspirin for preeclampsia prevention: a phenomenological study.

A road traffic crash, defined as a collision involving at least one vehicle in motion on a public or private road that results in at least one person being injured or killed, can result in property damage, injury, or loss of life. Road traffic crashes arise from multiple causes, including driving system malfunctions and inadequate road infrastructure. Most studies suggest that human error is the primary cause of road traffic crashes. A review by Petridou and Moustaki identified four categories of human factors in road traffic crashes. These factors included those that reduce capability on a long-term basis (e.g., inexperience, aging), those that reduce capability on a short-term basis (e.g., drowsiness, fatigue), those that promote risk-taking behavior with long-term impact (e.g., overestimation of capabilities), and those that promote risk-taking behavior with short-term impact (e.g., moderate ethanol intake). Based on this categorization, Bucsuházy et al. investigated human factors related to causes of more than 1800 traffic accidents through individual interviews. The results indicated that the most common contributing human factor in traffic accidents, regardless of age or gender, was inattention, one of those that reduce capability on a short-term basis. Thus, identifying factors that cause temporary reductions in capability, particularly inattention, is essential to improving traffic safety. Several studies have demonstrated that route familiarity can impair drivers’ attention. For instance, in a study by Charlton and Starkey, participants completed driving sessions in a driving simulator regularly over three months. They were asked to report anything interesting or unusual they noticed while driving. The results showed that participants reported fewer items relevant to safe driving as they became more familiar with the route. Another simulator study by Martens and Fox, which examined the effect of repeated exposure to a road environment on eye movements over several days, reported similar results. They indicated a decrease in glance duration at traffic signs with an increasing number of days. Furthermore, in a study by Yanko et al., participants driving in a simulator were instructed to step on the brake pedal to avoid a collision. The results revealed that participants familiar with the route had longer reaction times to a collision than those unfamiliar with the route. These findings align with the well-established observation that drivers are more likely to crash near their homes. Although a close relationship between route familiarity and inattention has been suggested, further studies are needed to investigate two key aspects of this relationship. First, only a few studies have investigated how route familiarity affects drivers’ states in terms of attentional resource allocation. Driving is a complex task that involves several types of information processing such as visual and cognitive processing, which requires the allocation of psychological energies called attentional resources. Thus, for understanding the influence of route familiarity in detail, it is important to estimate attentional resources allocated to visual and cognitive processing, as well as total attentional resources while driving to systematically examine information processing that underlies driving behavior and find a way to increase safety level of traffic environment. Previous studies examined the effect of route familiarity on drivers’ attentional states through indices such as glance duration, driving behaviors, and detection performance. These indices can reflect variation of general mental state, but are not sufficient for understanding the nature of attentional resources in detail, so existing evidence is insufficient to clarify how route familiarity affects attentional resource allocation.