A novel and accurate EEG emotion classification model based on multiple attention local binary patterns.

Globally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90–95% of the 537 million total diabetes cases; its prevalence continues to rise, driven by urbanization and increasing life expectancy []. Between 1990 and 2021, the years lost due to T2DM increased by 1.6% annually. Notably, this increase was even more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rates climbed from 2.72% to 3.02%. As a result, these regions now bear 75% of the global case burden and the associated financial strain []. In addition, by 2021, 14.6 million adolescents and young adults had been diagnosed with T2DM—a number that continues to grow []. Although therapeutic options have improved, persistent challenges such as suboptimal patient adherence [] and food insecurity []. remain, highlighting the need for greater focus on personalized patient management [, ]. Table further illustrates these global diabetes burden metrics. In this review, we primarily focus on advances reported between 2015 and 2026, with particular emphasis on emerging wearable and multi-analyte biosensing platforms published from 2020 onward, to ensure that the discussed technologies reflect the latest developments in the field. The methodologies employed in health monitoring have advanced significantly, evolving from fundamental urine analysis to highly sophisticated, integrated systems. For example, while the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) introduced in the 1980s enabled individuals to manually adjust insulin levels, the technique exhibited several intrinsic limitations. Specifically, the readings were prone to inaccuracy, required invasive skin pricking, and failed to capture the dynamic fluctuations in blood glucose levels [, ]. The subsequent introduction of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in the 2000s revolutionized this process by employing subcutaneously placed sensors that measure interstitial fluid (ISF) at intervals of 1–5 min [, ]. This technology enables frequent, high-resolution data collection, resulting in a 10–20% reduction in Time Outside Range (TOR) []. Furthermore, factory-calibrated devices that support extended wear periods of up to 14 days further facilitate longitudinal monitoring and enhance patient adherence []. Contemporary platforms co-monitor glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies on a single skin-worn patch, yielding minute-by-minute fuel-substrate ratios that reflect insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial workload. thereby offering a comprehensive perspective on systemic energy homeostasis [, ].