Shared genetic architecture and pathways linking major depressive disorder and autoimmune thyroid disease: insights from common and rare variants.

The global shortage of nurses has emerged as a significant public health concern, with a forecasted worldwide deficit exceeding 4.8 million nurses and midwives by 2030 []. Projections indicate that the forthcoming shortage in nursing personnel will be aggravated by aging populations, heightened nursing demands, an aging nursing workforce, and sustained high turnover rates among nurses [, ]. Moreover, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to aggravate this shortage []. Under the combined influence of insufficient protective measures, heavy workloads, immense psychological pressure, and concerns about contracting the virus themselves or transmitting it to their families, a large number of nursing staff have chosen to resign []. To combat this nursing deficit, developed nations like the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, and Japan are increasingly relying on supporting their healthcare systems through the migration of healthcare practitioners [, ]. In certain regions, migrant nurses can comprise up to 20% of the nursing workforce []. Main source countries for nurse migrants include developing nations such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, and China in Asia [, ], alongside African countries like South Africa and Nigeria []. Consequently, the migration of nurses across borders commonly involves a transition from relatively resource-scarce to resource-abundant areas or nations []. In recent decades, research has unveiled numerous factors that act as facilitators and barriers to nurses’ cross-border migration [, ]. It is evident that migrant nurses do not form a homogeneous group, as nurses from diverse nations hold different expectations [, ]. While improved salaries, working conditions, and educational opportunities serve as common motivations for all migrant nurses [], additional motivations vary due to differing political, economic, and cultural influences among nations. For example, the study by HA Yürümezoğlu and H Çamveren [] research revealed that Turkish nurses’ migration was propelled by factors such as the nation’s unstable political climate and violence against women. South African nurses highlighted political corruption, high crime rates, racial tensions, and a high prevalence of HIV as crucial motivations for migrating to other countries []. Moreover, factors like flawed health policies, social rights, religious influences, existing recruitment agencies, and relevant national regulations all contribute to facilitating nurse migration [, , ].