Longitudinal Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Middle Adolescents: An Examination of Gender Differences.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) represents a spectrum of cognitive disorders driven by cerebrovascular disease or vascular risk factors, encompassing a clinical continuum from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to overt dementia., , It is defined as a syndrome characterized by cognitive deficits in at least one domain, corroborated by clinical stroke or subclinical vascular brain injury. The complex pathogenesis and profound mechanistic heterogeneity underlying VCI pose significant challenges in establishing universally accepted clinical and research criteria., Clinically, this heterogeneity manifests in its ability to present as an isolated entity or to co‐occur with neurodegenerative diseases; notably, such mixed pathologies account for a substantial proportion of dementia cases among the aging population. Epidemiological data indicate that approximately 30% of individuals aged 65 and older suffer from cognitive impairment or dementia prior to death. Projections suggest that the global prevalence of dementia will escalate to 150 million by 2050. Within this landscape, VCI accounts for over 20% of all cases, establishing itself as the second leading cause of cognitive decline and dementia worldwide, surpassed only by Alzheimer's disease (AD)., As global aging rises, the prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases rises commensurately with age, further elevating the lifetime risk of dementia in the elderly. Consequently, VCI has emerged as a major global public health challenge. As a formidable challenge to public health in aging societies, the development of effective early identification methods for VCI is paramount for ensuring global health security. Unlike the irreversible neurodegeneration typical of AD, VCI offers a critical window for intervention where timely treatment may mitigate disease progression. Despite this potential, current clinical practice is hindered by a lack of globally standardized and specific cognitive scales, neuroimaging features, and hematological biomarkers. Recognizing the profound individual variability in physiological and psychological profiles – such as age and educational attainment – we propose a novel, integrated “TIME” framework. By synthesizing existing cognitive assessments, imaging modalities, and fluid biomarkers with emerging behavioral characteristics, this approach aims to provide a clinically adaptive methodology for the early and precise identification of VCI.