Enter Salmon: Trophic risk mediates riverine barrier-crossing behaviours of parr.

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) represent a group of conditions characterized by persistent airway inflammation, airflow limitation, and impaired respiratory function, primarily encompassing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung diseases []. According to the World Health Organization, CRDs have become the third leading cause of death globally, affecting over one billion people worldwide []. These diseases are characterized by prolonged disease progression, recurrent exacerbations, and progressive deterioration, with patients commonly experiencing dyspnea, chronic cough, and limited physical activity, which substantially impair activities of daily living and social functioning. Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric comorbidity among patients with CRDs, especially COPD, with reported prevalence rates ranging from about 23% to over 49%, significantly exceeding rates in the general population [, ]. Depression not only severely compromises treatment adherence and self-management capabilities but also exacerbates negative emotions such as anxiety and helplessness, delays respiratory function recovery, and increases the risk of acute exacerbations and hospitalizations, imposing substantial burdens on patients, families, and healthcare systems [, ]. The comorbidity of depression and chronic pain is particularly prominent among patients with CRDs, representing a critical factor influencing prognosis. Studies demonstrate that the prevalence of chronic pain in patients with CRDs ranges from 32% to 85%, primarily manifesting as chest pain, musculoskeletal pain, and headache [, ]. Patients with CRDs who have comorbid depression exhibit higher rates, greater severity, and longer duration of chronic pain, while persistent chronic pain is significantly associated with higher depressive symptoms, establishing a bidirectional relationship between depression and pain []. This comorbid condition is associated with more severe functional impairment, longer hospital stays, higher readmission rates, and increased healthcare costs. Given the characteristic disease course of CRDs marked by recurrent exacerbations and progressive deterioration, the reciprocal interactions between depression and pain are more prone to forming vicious cycles, severely compromising patients’ physical and mental health and quality of life [].