The dynamic influence of exercise on emotional state among people with a history of mood disorder.

For students at universities all around the world, taking caffeine has become a common practice associated with their learning activities. It has been estimated that over 80% of the world’s adult population uses caffeine on a regular basis, mostly via coffee and tea products []. Many university students consume caffeine to maintain alertness during studying and examinations [, ]. This issue is particularly relevant for nursing students, whose academic and clinical training relies heavily on memory, clinical reasoning, medication learning, and patient safety competencies. Memory is a fundamental component of nursing education because students must retain and apply large volumes of theoretical and clinical information across diverse healthcare settings. Effective memory performance supports clinical reasoning, clinical judgment, medication administration accuracy, and patient safety, all of which are essential competencies in nursing practice. Previous nursing education research has highlighted that successful clinical decision-making depends on the integration of memory, knowledge retrieval, and reasoning processes, whereas difficulties in information recall may adversely affect academic achievement and increase the risk of clinical errors [, ]. Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant that enhances alertness through adenosine receptor blockade []. Although its effects on alertness are well established, evidence regarding memory performance remains inconsistent and appears to depend on factors such as dosage, timing, task characteristics, and individual differences [–].