Efficacy of mental and physical training on blood pressure and resting heart rate among physically inactive young adults with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by core motor features, as well as a broad range of non-motor manifestations, which together contribute to significant disability, reduced quality of life and increased disease burden. The underlying causes are thought to involve genetic factors, environmental exposures, or an interaction of both. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study identified PD as the fastest-growing neurological disorder worldwide. Between 1990 and 2015, the prevalence of PD increased by approximately 117.8%, with the number of people with PD (PwPD) doubled to 6.2 million, followed by dementias (111.7%) and stroke (59.2%). It has been estimated that 11.77 million people had PD worldwide in 2021, with increased its burden over the past 32 years. This increase is largely driven by population aging, greater life expectancy, heightened exposure to by-products of industrialization, more public awareness and diagnosis and a decline in smoking rate. This global rise places an immense strain on healthcare systems across all countries, prompting the use of the term to emphasize the urgent need for coordinated strategies to address its worldwide impact. Although the is recognized as a global health challenge, considerable regional variability in its burden exists. This includes differences in prevalence, underlying causes, genetic and environmental risk factors, as well as inequality and disparities in access to care and healthcare services. Recent updates on the determinants of PD burden and access to healthcare have been reported across various different regions, particularly Africa, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring of these determinants. Recognizing and understanding these variations is essential for developing tailored strategies that address local needs and optimize patient outcomes.