[Bushen Yijing Formula attenuates amyloid β-protein deposi-tion and oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans].

Animal models are a critical approach in the study of the neurobiological basis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, their translation into clinical practice remains limited, especially considering the complexity and heterogeneity of ADHD [, ]. ADHD comprises a wide range of behavioral and neurobiological dimensions, including attention regulation, impulsivity, activity level, emotional regulation, cognitive functioning, and neuroendocrine responses [–]. In addition, ADHD is frequently associated with affective and anxiety-related symptoms, which may complicate the interpretation of behavioral phenotypes in animal models. In this context, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain of rats is an interesting model for studying ADHD-relevant behavioral dimensions; these rats also display a set of features that are important for understanding depression-related traits that may overlap with or modify ADHD-like phenotypes [–]. Even though these rats were used as a neutral control strain for hypertensive rats (SHR) [–], a specific profile has been revealed in these animals in recent years: behavioral inhibition, stress sensitivity, anhedonic behaviors, and a deficit in sustained attention; these features are closely associated with the dimensions of depressive disorders and inattentive type ADHD [, , , , ]. Notably, however, these behavioral characteristics are not always expressed in all WKY substrains [, –]. The genetic background and breeding practices employed by the breeders have led to significant variability in the substrains. This variability in the substrains may be viewed as a limitation of the model. On the other hand, it may also be viewed as a potential advantage. The various substrains of the WKY may be seen as manifestations of various aspects of psychiatric illness. This may provide an opportunity to investigate these aspects.