Longitudinal associations among autism and ADHD traits, social maladjustment, and mental health in school-aged children.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive upper-airway obstruction during sleep accompanied by oxygen desaturation and fragmented sleep, contributing to cardiovascular risk, impaired daytime functioning, and reduced quality of life (; ; ; ). Positive airway pressure (PAP) remains the most common therapy, but due to device recalls (), patient preferences, and other clinical factors (), some patients are prescribed non-PAP treatments such as positioning devices and oral appliances. While non-PAP therapies can reduce apnea severity and improve oxygenation in appropriately selected patients (), they typically provide no ongoing physiologic feedback between sleep studies. Although OSA requires ongoing self-management (), this lack of feedback can make it difficult for non-PAP users to understand whether their therapy is providing benefit. In contrast to PAP devices, which provide airflow-based adherence and therapy data, most non-PAP therapies give no comparable information that might help patients observe patterns related to their condition or treatment use. Prior work shows that perceptions of treatment benefit can influence whether patients continue to use their prescribed therapy (; ). Human factors (HF) research provides a useful lens for understanding these challenges. From a sociotechnical systems perspective, healthcare work arises from interactions among people, technologies, tasks, and organizational context (). Patients managing chronic conditions often act as “knowledge workers” who gather information, interpret it, and make decisions about their care (; ). When relevant data are missing, unfamiliar, or difficult to interpret, this work can become cognitively demanding (). HF research on distributed cognition and cognitive artifacts further emphasizes that well-designed external representations can reduce cognitive burden, support the development of accurate mental models, and provide shared reference points that facilitate interpretation and coordination (; ). Related work on visualization and representational design suggests that well-designed representations can make complex information easier to interpret and support judgment, decision-making, and sensemaking (; ).