Feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a novel self-monitoring program utilizing a consumer-grade wearable device paired with sleep-related patient-reported outcomes for veterans with obstructiv

Recent advancements in artificial neural networks have not only improved their ability to solve visual tasks but have also positioned them as valuable analogies for understanding human visual processes. In particular, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been noted for their structural and functional similarities to the hierarchical processing observed in biological vision. These models have demonstrated considerable success in approximating the information flow from the primary visual cortex to higher visual areas in the ventral visual stream (). However, numerous studies have reported significant divergences between the behavioral responses of humans and advanced neural network models (; ; ). Consequently, extensive research efforts have been directed toward achieving a functional alignment between human vision and artificial models (). One widely adopted approach for functionally aligning models with humans is the identification of “metamers.” Metamers are sets of input stimuli that are physically different yet processed as equivalent by a given system, such as humans or models. Here, consider an unknown system whose functional properties we aim to uncover. If the system produces the same output for different sets of physical inputs, that is, metamers, it implies the existence of common factors to which the system is sensitive. Identifying these common factors would provide insight into what the system functionally computes. Through this metamer-based approach, various visual functions have been uncovered in the history of vision sciences. A classic example is the finding that human color vision is mediated by three types of sensors (reviewed by ). The discovery that humans do not directly sense light as a function of wavelength was based on experimental results showing that physically different spectral compositions of light can appear identical to human observers, that is, they form metamers.