Feasibility Trial of a Health Behaviours Promotion Group for Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Carnivorous plants can obtain nutrients (mainly nitrogen) by actively attracting, capturing, and ultimately digesting a diverse array of small animals, altering to some extent the predator-prey relationship between animals and plants. Understanding how carnivory has independently arisen under physiological and ecological constraints has long fascinated biologists. Carnivory has evolved multiple times in angiosperms, including members of 14 families. Carnivorous plants are mainly placed into five major categories based on their trap type, including the widely recognized pitfall trap in pitcher plants, snap trap in Venus flytraps, sticky flypaper trap in sundews, suction trap in bladderworts, and the eel-trap or lobster-trap in corkscrew plants. Despite their diverse mechanisms for trapping prey, most carnivorous plants share a common functional sequence during prey utilization, encompassing prey attraction, capture, digestion, and subsequent nutrient absorption. By definition, a carnivorous plant must be capable of absorbing nutrients derived from captured animals and possess morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that facilitate prey attraction, capture, digestion, and nutrient uptake. Yet some plants exhibit only a subset of carnivorous traits—most commonly prey capture without clear evidence of digestion or nutrient absorption—and are therefore described as protocarnivorous. This distinction underscores the need for explicit evidence to confirm true carnivory in plants. In this context, several plant lineages bearing insect-trapping structures have remained controversial with respect to their carnivorous status. The carnivorous lifestyle, long debated as representing either an herbivore defense strategy or a cost-benefit model of adaptation to nutrient-poor soils, may be more widespread among angiosperms than previously recognized. Among the putative carnivorous lineages, L. is a predominantly north temperate genus, including species notable for sticky glandular trichomes and many members that thrive in nutrient-poor habitats such as exposed rock outcrops and crevices. Inspired by his work on carnivory in , Darwin (1875) proposed that two species ( and ) might similarly exhibit carnivorous behavior. Darwin regarded these two species as representing one of the most intriguing cases among plants with glandular hairs. Although Darwin attempted to test this hypothesis through feeding experiments, these early attempts did not yield conclusive results. The lack of conclusive evidence has prevented researchers from classifying these species as true carnivorous plants. Here we revisit this long-standing hypothesis by examining possible carnivory in .