Mapping Human-AI Teaming in Risk Analysis: Role Evolution, Thematic Landscape, and Governance Mechanisms From News Media.

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the intrahepatic bile ducts under X‐ray or ultrasound guidance to drain bile (Jin and Zou ). This procedure is used to relieve bile duct pressure, reduce serum bilirubin levels or alleviate inflammation within the bile ducts, and it is an important treatment option for patients with biliary obstruction or biliary infection (Chen et al. ; Nikolić et al. ). Patients are generally discharged with tubes after their condition stabilises to reduce costs and improve hospital efficiency (Lillemoe and Aloia ; Moosburner et al. ). Patients with benign obstruction should have their tubes indwelled for at least 12 days (Sochnieva ). Patients with malignant biliary tract obstruction may need to retain the tube for the rest of their lives (Kumar et al. ). PTBD patients with indwelling catheters are at risk of adverse events such as peri‐catheter bile leakage, catheter dislodgement, bleeding and blockage (Subramani et al. ; Yu et al. ). The unplanned readmission rate within 30 days due to drainage tube dysfunction is as high as 63.9% (Sarwar et al. ). The degree of discharge readiness is a pivotal determinant of the efficacy of patients' self‐care practices in the home environment. Low discharge readiness may predict a higher risk of post‐discharge coping difficulty and unplanned readmission (Yu, He, et al. ; Yu, Wang, et al. ). Therefore, it is particularly important to assess the discharge readiness of patients with PTBD catheters. Several instruments for assessing readiness for hospital discharge are available, with the most commonly used being the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS). The original English version of the RHDS, containing 23 items in two parts, was developed by Weiss and Piacentine (). The RHDS has been translated into different languages, including French, Turkish and Chinese (Mabire et al. ; Kaya et al. ; Lin et al. ; Zhao et al. ) and has been validated in various patient populations, including general surgical and chronic condition patients (Qian et al. ; Hydzik et al. ). However, the RHDS is a general scale that may not adequately address the specific needs of PTBD patients, whose post‐discharge care involves complex procedures such as tube maintenance, infection monitoring and psychological adaptation to living with a catheter. For example, patients commonly report concerns about accidental tube dislodgement during sleep or daily activities, which may reduce confidence in home self‐management after discharge. The scale developed by Zhao et al. (), specifically for patients with bile duct carcinoma who have undergone percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage, while comprehensive, may present certain limitations when applied to PTBD patients. Firstly, it is relatively long, comprising up to 30 items, which may be burdensome for patients to complete during the critical pre‐discharge period. Secondly, it may not fully reflect the unique challenges PTBD patients face, such as catheter dislodgement and infection risks, which are central to their care. For instance, items like “I am confident in maintaining an optimistic attitude towards life,” while important, do not directly pertain to the nursing needs of PTBD patients. Additionally, the scale's assessment of essential nursing skills is relatively broad, lacking detailed criteria for evaluating patients' competencies in managing critical issues like catheter blockage or postoperative complications. Given these limitations, there is a clear need for a more tailored assessment tool that specifically addresses the unique post‐discharge needs of PTBD patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge instrument for PTBD patients (PTBD‐RHD), particularly focusing on the unique challenges associated with PTBD management and to examine its psychometric properties. The concept of readiness for hospital discharge (RHD) was first defined by Fenwick (), as ‘the patient's perceived readiness to face reality when leaving the hospital, returning to family and society and continuing their recovery’ (Fenwick ). Over time, this concept has become more developed and continues to evolve. According to Weiss and colleagues, RHD refers to patients' assessments of their health status and their capabilities for self‐care at home before being discharged from the hospital (Weiss and Piacentine ). RHD is regarded as both a state and a process and serves as a crucial component of hospital discharge planning, holding significant international relevance in healthcare (Galvin et al. ). Discharge readiness measures a patient's ability to take responsibility for and adhere to treatment recommendations at home (Qian et al. ; Hydzik et al. ; Liang et al. ; Zhao et al. ). It is a predictor of successful recovery following discharge and assessing discharge readiness can help prevent premature discharg