A behavioral measure for spite.

Current changes in the work environment have a major impact on working conditions and therefore on employees’ health. The World Health Organization (WHO), International Labor Organization (ILO), European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) highlight the impact of demographic change, climate change, digitalisation and globalisation on the working conditions [–]. With new technologies like artificial intelligence and robotics, digitalisation are creating more flexible working conditions and growth opportunities for the working environment []. However, combined with globalisation, the labour environment is an unpredictable, fast-changing place for employees. A plethora of information, a lack of knowledge of how to use it, constant attention, fast-paced physical work, and flexible reaction to changes can cause physical and mental occupational hazards or illness [, ]. Amongst others the ILO highlights, that due to demographic change, older employees make up an increasing proportion of the workforce and are likely to feel more impacted by digital change, while fewer younger employees are available on the job market [, , ]. This shortage of skilled labour leads to more responsibilities for fewer employees and thus to potential stress or illness []. Additionally, the EU-OSHA states in its position paper that female workers and migrants will play an increasingly important role in a productive and healthy future labour market [].