Parental Self-Efficacy and Family Support in Oral Health and Nutrition of Children With Disabilities.

With the rapid increase in global temperatures, the Arctic has warmed up to four times faster than the global rate over the past five decades (Masson‐Delmotte et al. ; Rantanen et al. ) and predictions from climate models indicate that temperatures in the Arctic will continue rising approximately 2.5 times faster than the global average (Masson‐Delmotte et al. ). Widespread Arctic warming has led to marked shifts in the timing of key seasonal events, likely contributing to accelerated phenological changes (Badeck et al. ; Post et al. ), including notable advances in the spring phenology of birds, arthropods, and plants (Høye et al. ; Dickey et al. ; Tulp and Schekkerman ). The changes in phenology are primarily driven by a bottom‐up mechanism, where increased temperatures result in an earlier snow melt, leading to earlier plant growth and emergence of arthropods (Stone et al. ; Tulp and Schekkerman ; Assmann et al. ). Prior work has demonstrated earlier springs and longer growing seasons have expanded the breeding window in the short Arctic summer for numerous avian species (Walther et al. ; Dickey et al. ; Lameris et al. ). Despite the growing evidence that environmental change disrupts the timing of reproduction in non‐predatory Arctic species that depend on synchrony with peak food availability (Saalfeld and Lanctot ; Saalfeld et al. ), the responses of top avian predators to Arctic warming remain largely unknown. Given that predatory birds depend on many of the same ecological cues as non‐predatory species, they may similarly be expected to adjust their phenology in response to shifting environmental conditions. Migratory and resident birds attempt to time the hatching of their nestlings to coincide with periods of abundant food to enhance their offspring's chances of survival (Lack ). Despite this, the timing of breeding in many migratory birds shows limited flexibility, being more rigidly controlled by responses to external environmental cues, such as photoperiod, or an endogenous circannual rhythm aligned to the annual cycle (Dawson et al. ; Gwinner , ; Åkesson and Helm ). In line with these expectations, resident and short‐distance migrants tend to cue their annual schedules directly to local environmental conditions and show greater adjustments of their breeding phenology to climate warming and advancing spring green‐up, whereas long‐distance migrants follow more fixed, internally driven schedules and are less able to align laying and hatching with changing environmental conditions on their breeding grounds (Huffeldt ; Kluen et al. ; Usui et al. ; Samplonius et al. ; Søraker et al. ). As a result, several long‐distance migratory species now exhibit phenological mismatches between the timing of hatching and the period of maximum food availability, which has been shown to negatively influence demography (Dickey et al. ; Clausen and Clausen ; Doiron et al. ; Kwon et al. ; Saalfeld et al. ). Nonetheless, research on the influence of climate change on the reproductive phenology of Arctic birds has largely focused on a narrow set of primarily herbivorous or insectivorous migrants, with relatively few studies on predatory bird species and even fewer comparing species with contrasting life‐history strategies (e.g., resident vs. migrants). Consequently, we still know little about how climate change shapes the breeding phenology of avian top predators, or how climate sensitivity compares between resident and migratory predatory bird species (Dickey et al. ; Clausen and Clausen ; Doiron et al. ; Kwon et al. ; Saalfeld et al. ). Here our research aims to bridge these gaps by examining the effects of climate change on the breeding phenology and productivity of two avian top predators with circumpolar distributions and contrasting life‐history strategies: the migratory peregrine falcon (, hereafter “peregrine”) and resident gyrfalcon (). In the Arctic, both species face harsh conditions before laying eggs and, in some regions, throughout the entire nesting stage. Gyrfalcons, which remain in Arctic or Boreal regions year‐round, often begin nesting amidst substantial snow cover and temperatures below the freezing point for long periods (Platt ; Poole and Bromley ; Booms et al. ; Henderson et al. ). Across their shared breeding range from the Sub Arctic to the High Arctic, peregrines and gyrfalcons have protracted breeding cycles, with nesting stages lasting approximately 120 and 160 days, respectively (Booms et al. ; White et al. ). Peregrines migrating from southern latitudes track the northward retreat of snow to reach their Arctic breeding areas and frequently encounter snowstorms en route (Curk et al. ), with High Arctic breeders traveling 200–300 km per day before arrival at the breeding grounds (Burnham et al. ). The constraints of a long nesting cycle, combined with a narrow window for successful reproduction and strong latitudinal variation in spring conditions, may make it particularly difficult for long‐