Psychophysiological responses to stride frequency manipulation in men and women.

Livestock production is a fundamental component of Ethiopia's agricultural economy and a primary livelihood source for millions of rural households. Ethiopia possesses the largest livestock population in Africa, with the sector playing a crucial role in food security, income generation, asset accumulation, soil fertility improvement and sociocultural practices (Chumburo and Bayou ). Despite its immense potential, livestock productivity in Ethiopia remains considerably lower than in many Eastern and sub‐Saharan African countries. This low productivity is mainly attributed to inadequate veterinary services, poor nutrition, limited genetic potential and a high burden of parasitic diseases (Belete and Mekuria ). Among the major parasitic constraints, ticks are regarded as one of the most important ectoparasite due to their extensive distribution and ability to cause significant direct and indirect economic losses. Direct effects include blood loss, skin damage, irritation, reduced weight gain, hide deterioration and toxicosis, all negatively affecting animal health and production efficiency (Wondimu and Bayu ; Yadav and Upadhyay ). Additionally, ticks act as vectors for bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens, increasing disease burden, mortality, reduced fertility and veterinary costs (Detamo and Handalo ). Chronic infestation may also impair reproductive performance through hormonal disturbances and interference with estrous cycles (Yadav and Upadhyay ). Globally, nearly 80% of the world's cattle population is exposed to tick infestation and tick‐borne diseases, with estimated annual economic losses of $22–$30 billion, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where smallholder farmers are highly dependent on livestock production. Furthermore, extensive and often indiscriminate use of synthetic acaricides has contributed to acaricide resistance, environmental contamination and food safety concerns, making tick control increasingly difficult and costly (Yenew et al. ). Consequently, sustainable integrated tick management strategies are becoming increasingly important worldwide.