Assessing pedestrian responses to autonomous and personal mobility robots in crowded public spaces.

Veterans and first responders (VFRs), including firefighters, police officers, paramedics, and military personnel, are often exposed to highly stressful and traumatic events in their line of duty [,]. While their roles are critical in protecting communities and ensuring public safety, these responsibilities place them at an increased risk for mental health challenges [–]. Veterans, for instance, may struggle with the lasting psychological impact of combat and transitioning to civilian life. Similarly, first responders often encounter critical incidents, including severe injuries, fatalities, and disasters, which may lead to accumulated stress and burnout. Studies consistently show that prolonged exposure to trauma, the nature of their work, and a culture that may stigmatize seeking help contribute to mental-ill health [,]. The common mental health issues that VFRs experience include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and alcohol or substance abuse [–]. These mental health challenges not only affect the VFRs, but it also extends to their families, workplaces, and communities []. Untreated health issues can lead to job loss, strained relationships, and a heightened risk of suicide. Research suggests that veterans and first responders experience suicide rates significantly higher than the general population [,], underscoring the urgent need for effective mental health and wellbeing interventions. Investing in programs aimed at mental health support and resilience-building for VFRs not only improves individual outcomes but also enhances their capacity to continue serving society effectively []. Evaluating the return on such investments is crucial to ensure the sustainability and scaling of impactful programs, as it helps funders and policymakers understand their economic and social value.